{"id":1985,"date":"2024-09-21T21:35:20","date_gmt":"2024-09-21T21:35:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/?p=1985"},"modified":"2024-10-07T09:08:34","modified_gmt":"2024-10-07T09:08:34","slug":"tout-peut-changer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/en\/tout-peut-changer\/","title":{"rendered":"Tout peut changer"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1985\" class=\"elementor elementor-1985\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-efe2a87 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"efe2a87\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1bc4a09\" data-id=\"1bc4a09\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2481faa elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2481faa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-560e033 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"560e033\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tout peut changer<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47abcb2 elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-center elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"47abcb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-file-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Essais<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">03.04.2024 <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-clock\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">9 min<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e251cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6e251cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-67a30a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"67a30a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ff0eaee\" data-id=\"ff0eaee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b551de3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b551de3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6cd492504f744dd6a22d0c150cf38e11mv2-1024x686.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1993\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6cd492504f744dd6a22d0c150cf38e11mv2-1024x686.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6cd492504f744dd6a22d0c150cf38e11mv2-300x201.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6cd492504f744dd6a22d0c150cf38e11mv2-768x515.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6cd492504f744dd6a22d0c150cf38e11mv2-18x12.webp 18w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6cd492504f744dd6a22d0c150cf38e11mv2.webp 1237w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2406df8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2406df8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Cr\u00e9dit image : Occupy.com<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ed77fbd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ed77fbd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6de4209\" data-id=\"6de4209\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c84bd88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c84bd88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-s6a2i21552\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Dans un ouvrage intitul\u00e9 <em>Tout peut changer <\/em>et dont la traduction fran\u00e7aise est parue en 2016 aux \u00e9ditions <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.actes-sud.fr\/node\/56886\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>Actes Sud<\/u><\/a>, l&rsquo;essayiste Naomi Klein propose de revenir sur l&rsquo;\u00e9chec des politiques de r\u00e9duction d&rsquo;\u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre au cours des trois derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-ipv8t29030\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Pour la penseuse canadienne, cet \u00e9chec est essentiellement imputable au fonctionnement du syst\u00e8me \u00e9conomique capitaliste. Le capitalisme repose en premier lieu sur une logique de laisser-faire qui <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/conjoncture\/apres-quatre-echecs-avec-la-taxe-carbone-comment-s-y-prendre-20211109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>emp\u00eache de r\u00e9glementer et de taxer<\/u><\/a> les activit\u00e9s de production les plus \u00e9mettrices de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre. La remise en cause permanente de la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de la d\u00e9pense publique rendrait \u00e9galement plus beaucoup plus difficile les investissement cons\u00e9quents qui sont indispensables \u00e0 la construction de nouvelles infrastructures d\u00e9carbon\u00e9es.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-uwlb743866\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">De plus, le capitalisme, r\u00e9gime fonci\u00e8rement in\u00e9galitaire, serait indissociable de la captation du pouvoir \u00e9conomique par une minorit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9lites, dont une partie chercherait \u00e0 retarder la transition climatique afin de pr\u00e9server ses int\u00e9r\u00eats propres. Afin d&rsquo;\u00e9viter un r\u00e9chauffement sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 2\u00b0C, il serait notamment n\u00e9cessaire de <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/reporterre.net\/Pour-eviter-le-rechauffement-il-faut-laisser-dans-le-sol-la-moitie-des-reserves#:~:text=Et%20leurs%20r%C3%A9sultats%20sont%20%C3%A9difiants,limite%20des%202%C2%B0C.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>laisser dans le sol <\/u><\/a>une grande partie des r\u00e9serves d&rsquo;\u00e9nergies fossiles actuelles. Or, un tel renoncement impliquerait des pertes colossales pour les compagnies extractives et pour leurs actionnaires, qui luttent donc sans rel\u00e2che pour freiner la transition climatique.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-060kh171511\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Les principales compagnies fossiles d\u00e9pensent ainsi chaque ann\u00e9es <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.quiestvert.fr\/contenus\/actualites\/energies-fossiles-1-milliard-depense-en-lobbying\/#:~:text=ExxonMobil%2C%20Shell%2C%20Chevron%2C%20BP,d%C3%A9sormais%20des%20accords%20de%20Paris.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>plusieurs centaines de millions de dollars<\/u><\/a> pour influencer les d\u00e9cideurs publics et s&rsquo;efforcent par ailleurs d&rsquo;<a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.terrestres.org\/2021\/10\/26\/total-face-au-rechauffement-climatique-1968-2021\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>induire en erreur<\/u><\/a> les populations au sujet de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 du d\u00e9r\u00e8glement climatique ou de leurs propres engagements en faveur de la transition, <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/idees\/article\/2023\/09\/10\/l-aggravation-recente-des-effets-du-rechauffement-coincide-et-c-est-une-autre-cause-de-sideration-avec-un-retour-apparent-du-climatoscepticisme_6188661_3232.html#:~:text=Une%20enqu%C3%AAte%20d'opinion%20internationale,rapport%20%C3%A0%20l'ann%C3%A9e%20pr%C3%A9c%C3%A9dente.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>non sans succ\u00e8s<\/u><\/a>.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fc2d34e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fc2d34e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1b04e46\" data-id=\"1b04e46\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aafe65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2aafe65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_4617877d8f964371a99dc66d3cb45f4cmv2-1024x576.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1992\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_4617877d8f964371a99dc66d3cb45f4cmv2-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_4617877d8f964371a99dc66d3cb45f4cmv2-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_4617877d8f964371a99dc66d3cb45f4cmv2-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_4617877d8f964371a99dc66d3cb45f4cmv2-18x10.webp 18w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_4617877d8f964371a99dc66d3cb45f4cmv2.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cef66a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3cef66a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Les profits annuels des compagnies gazi\u00e8res et p\u00e9troli\u00e8res se comptent en milliers de milliards de dollars et ont atteints des niveaux records en 2022. Source image : <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/8834d3af-af60-4df0-9643-72e2684f7221\/WorldEnergyInvestment2023.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>Agence Internationale de l&rsquo;Energie<\/u><\/a>, 2023. <\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ddf9b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7ddf9b9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-64256ba\" data-id=\"64256ba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71c3b4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71c3b4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-yejkj70749\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Plus g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, c&rsquo;est la logique m\u00eame de croissance qui est <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bibliotheque-du-climat.fr\/post\/la-croissance-verte-est-elle-un-mirage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>incompatible avec une r\u00e9duction s\u00e9rieuse des niveaux d&rsquo;\u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre<\/u><\/a>. Le capitalisme repose en effet sur un processus d\u2019expansion illimit\u00e9e qui conditionne sa p\u00e9rennit\u00e9 et qui demeure indissociable d&rsquo;une consommation importante de mati\u00e8re et d&rsquo;\u00e9nergies fossiles. D\u00e8s lors, de simples r\u00e9formes \u00e0 la marge du syst\u00e8me \u00e9conomique existant ne pourront en aucun cas permettre d\u2019\u00e9viter le d\u00e9r\u00e8glement du climat.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-54ahb85624\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Pour autant, Naomi Klein ne recommande pas de renoncer int\u00e9gralement aux apports de la croissance \u00e9conomique. Pour que notre existence n\u2019outrepasse pas les limites \u00e9cologiques de la plan\u00e8te, il serait suffisant que les habitants des Etats les plus riches reviennent au mode d\u2019existence qu\u2019ils ont connu cours des ann\u00e9es 1970, lequel n&rsquo;avait certes rien d&rsquo;\u00e9pouvantable. Il n\u2019est donc nullement question de s\u2019imposer des privations drastiques, mais simplement d\u2019adopter <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/planete\/article\/2023\/02\/12\/bilan-du-monde-rechauffement-pourquoi-la-sobriete-est-un-levier-pour-accelerer-la-lutte-contre-le-dereglement-climatique_6161508_3244.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>des habitudes plus sobres<\/u><\/a>.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-as4yq89454\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Le capitalisme favorise au contraire l&rsquo;universalisation d&rsquo;une consommation effr\u00e9n\u00e9e, qui s&rsquo;est \u00e9tendue \u00e0 une une nombre croissant de soci\u00e9t\u00e9s au gr\u00e9 de la mondialisation, laquelle repr\u00e9sente pour l&rsquo;essayiste l\u2019un des facteurs les plus d\u00e9cisifs de l\u2019\u00e9chec de la transition climatique.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-3ne3n100259\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">De fa\u00e7on frappante, l\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration de ce processus co\u00efncide avec l\u2019\u00e9mergence de la question climatique. En 1988, le climatologue James Hansen <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.leprogres.fr\/culture-loisirs\/2021\/06\/23\/23-juin-1988-james-hansen-alerte-le-monde-contre-le-rechauffement-climatique\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>t\u00e9moigne devant le Congr\u00e8s<\/u><\/a> am\u00e9ricain pour avertir des risques que repr\u00e9sente le d\u00e9r\u00e8glement du climat. C\u2019est \u00e0 partir de cette date que le probl\u00e8me du r\u00e9chauffement climatique devient r\u00e9ellement un sujet de d\u00e9bat public. L\u2019ann\u00e9e suivante, le mur de Berlin s\u2019effondre, ce qui ouvre la voie \u00e0 un nouvel ordre mondial.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-db334100534\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Au cours de la p\u00e9riode qui suit, les n\u00e9gociations sur le climat et le commerce ont ainsi occup\u00e9 le devant de la sc\u00e8ne internationale de fa\u00e7on concomitante. La <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/fr\/processus-et-reunions\/qu-est-ce-que-la-ccnucc-la-convention-cadre-des-nations-unies-sur-les-changements-climatiques\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>Convention-cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques<\/u><\/a> (CCNUCC) est ratifi\u00e9e en 1992. L&rsquo;Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC), charg\u00e9e de favoriser le commerce international, est quant \u00e0 elle mise en place en 1995. Le <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vie-publique.fr\/fiches\/274835-quest-ce-que-le-protocole-de-kyoto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>protocole de Kyoto<\/u><\/a>, qui doit permettre d\u2019assurer une premi\u00e8re r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre, est adopt\u00e9 en 1997. La Chine devient membre \u00e0 part enti\u00e8re de l&rsquo;OMC en 2001.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72341e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72341e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3f0f05\" data-id=\"a3f0f05\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-466b2b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"466b2b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_4b17f911b12f4248b5e7bffb633cae58mv2-1024x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1991\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_4b17f911b12f4248b5e7bffb633cae58mv2-1024x1024.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_4b17f911b12f4248b5e7bffb633cae58mv2-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_4b17f911b12f4248b5e7bffb633cae58mv2-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_4b17f911b12f4248b5e7bffb633cae58mv2-768x768.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_4b17f911b12f4248b5e7bffb633cae58mv2-12x12.webp 12w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_4b17f911b12f4248b5e7bffb633cae58mv2.webp 1480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ee8e54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0ee8e54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>La multiplication des accords climatiques n&rsquo;a pour l&rsquo;instant pas permis de ralentir l&rsquo;accumulation de gaz \u00e0 effet de serres dans l&rsquo;atmosph\u00e8res. Cr\u00e9dit image : Tadzio M\u00fcller et al. <\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-904ddae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"904ddae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-642013c\" data-id=\"642013c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aef2eeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aef2eeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-dtbxh109342\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">De fa\u00e7on remarquable, ces deux processus parall\u00e8les se sont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9s isol\u00e9ment l\u2019un de l\u2019autre, alors que <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/publications.banque-france.fr\/les-emissions-de-co2-dans-le-commerce-international\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>les interactions entre l\u2019essor des \u00e9changes et le bouleversement du climat<\/u><\/a> sont ind\u00e9niables. La mondialisation suppose en effet la diffusion globale d\u2019un mod\u00e8le de production indissociable d\u2019une consommation massive de ressources fossiles.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-59hw8377066\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Le transport accru des marchandises implique par ailleurs d\u2019importantes \u00e9missions de carbone. Enfin, la multiplication des dispositions permettant aux entreprises priv\u00e9es de <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/reporterre.net\/Comment-le-Traite-sur-la-charte-de-l-energie-plombe-la-transition-ecologique\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>poursuivre en justice les gouvernements nationaux<\/u><\/a> adoptant des mesures environnementales qui menaceraient leurs b\u00e9n\u00e9fices ne peut que dissuader la mise en place de mesures ambitieuses de r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-mqrlq115853\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Plut\u00f4t que d\u2019une r\u00e9elle isolation entre r\u00e9gime climatique et r\u00e9gime de libre-\u00e9change, il faudrait en fait parler d&rsquo;une subordination du premier au second. L&rsquo;article 3 de la CCNUCC indique ainsi : \u00ab Il convient d\u2019\u00e9viter que les mesures prises pour lutter contre les changements climatiques [\u2026] constituent un moyen d\u2019imposer des discriminations arbitraires ou injustifiables sur le plan du commerce international \u00bb.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-nux37122578\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Il n\u2019est d\u00e8s lors gu\u00e8re \u00e9tonnant que les engagements pris lors des n\u00e9gociations sur le climat n<a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/cop21\/article\/2015\/12\/14\/l-accord-de-paris-sur-le-climat-est-il-vraiment-juridiquement-contraignant_4831255_4527432.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>e pr\u00e9voient pas de m\u00e9canismes de sanction<\/u><\/a>, alors m\u00eame que le non-respect des accords commerciaux expose les Etats \u00e0 \u00eatre jug\u00e9s par des tribunaux commerciaux et \u00e0 se voir infliger des sanctions s\u00e9v\u00e8res.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-6y65i123870\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">De nombreux programmes favorisant le d\u00e9ploiement d\u2019\u00e9nergies dites renouvelables ont ainsi \u00e9t\u00e9 contest\u00e9s devant l\u2019OMC. En 2010, les \u00c9tats-Unis ont par exemple remis en cause l&rsquo;un des programmes de subvention \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie \u00e9olienne de la Chine, qui a elle-m\u00eame a d\u00e9pos\u00e9 une plainte en 2012 visant divers programmes d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie renouvelable dans l&rsquo;Union europ\u00e9enne. Les subventions du Canada aux usines de fabrication de panneaux solaires ont \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 attaqu\u00e9es par l&rsquo;Union Europ\u00e9enne et le Japon devant l&rsquo;OMC.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-21te8325\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Les subventions directes accord\u00e9s par les Etats aux industries fossiles, qui ont <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/fr\/Blogs\/Articles\/2023\/08\/24\/fossil-fuel-subsidies-surged-to-record-7-trillion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>d\u00e9pass\u00e9 les 1000 milliards de dollars par an<\/u><\/a> en 2022 (sans mentionner les subventions indirectes), ne donnent en revanche lieu \u00e0 aucun litige commercial.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0a1557d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0a1557d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-60432e5\" data-id=\"60432e5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af5dbf8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"af5dbf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"990\" height=\"990\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_923a54fc68904b5d9a9edf45c87ad4f0mv2.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1990\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_923a54fc68904b5d9a9edf45c87ad4f0mv2.webp 990w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_923a54fc68904b5d9a9edf45c87ad4f0mv2-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_923a54fc68904b5d9a9edf45c87ad4f0mv2-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_923a54fc68904b5d9a9edf45c87ad4f0mv2-768x768.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_923a54fc68904b5d9a9edf45c87ad4f0mv2-12x12.webp 12w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 990px) 100vw, 990px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c980a58 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c980a58\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5580fd8\" data-id=\"5580fd8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94a35c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94a35c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-ctxos661\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Pour Naomi Klein, les solutions lib\u00e9rales au probl\u00e8me du d\u00e9r\u00e8glement climatique sont donc irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement vou\u00e9es \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chec. Ces solutions sont principalement de deux ordre : mise en place de march\u00e9s carbone d&rsquo;une part, et m\u00e9canismes de compensation carbone d&rsquo;autre part.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-mon4y26947\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Les march\u00e9s carbone sont des m\u00e9canismes d&rsquo;\u00e9change de droits d&rsquo;\u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre pour les entreprises. Pour pouvoir poursuivre leurs activit\u00e9s \u00e9mettrices, les entreprises doivent acheter des quotas d&rsquo;\u00e9missions mis en vente par une autorit\u00e9 publique sur un march\u00e9 <em>ad hoc<\/em>. Le surco\u00fbt qui r\u00e9sulte de ce dispositif est cens\u00e9 inciter les entreprises \u00e0 r\u00e9duire leurs \u00e9missions.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-vrsbi69834\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">L&rsquo;Union Europ\u00e9enne a par exemple mis en place un march\u00e9 carbone sur son territoire en 2005. Cependant, \u00e0 la suite d&rsquo;une attribution excessive de <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.novethic.fr\/actualite\/energie\/transition-energetique\/isr-rse\/pres-de-100-milliards-d-euros-de-quotas-gratuits-un-nouveau-rapport-pointe-les-failles-du-marche-carbone-europeen-151213.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>quotas d&rsquo;\u00e9missions gratuits<\/u><\/a> aux entreprises \u00e0 la demande des lobbies, le prix de la tonne de carbone s&rsquo;est effondr\u00e9, si bien que le dispositif s&rsquo;est av\u00e9r\u00e9 <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.institutmontaigne.org\/expressions\/le-marche-carbone-europeen-part-il-en-fumee\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>tr\u00e8s peu efficace<\/u><\/a>. Les cours ont cependant connu une certaine reprise \u00e0 partir de 2017, et l&rsquo;adoption d&rsquo;une <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/climat\/article\/2023\/04\/18\/climat-le-parlement-europeen-adopte-la-reforme-du-marche-carbone_6170036_1652612.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>r\u00e9form<\/u><\/a><u>e d&rsquo;envergure<\/u> par le parlement europ\u00e9en en 2023 pourrait contribuer \u00e0 rench\u00e9rir le co\u00fbt du carbone pour les entreprises. <\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ed6d268 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ed6d268\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3dc327d\" data-id=\"3dc327d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f790084 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f790084\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"505\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6c49236188d9464480910eaba72a0d95mv2-1024x505.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1989\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6c49236188d9464480910eaba72a0d95mv2-1024x505.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6c49236188d9464480910eaba72a0d95mv2-300x148.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6c49236188d9464480910eaba72a0d95mv2-768x379.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6c49236188d9464480910eaba72a0d95mv2-18x9.webp 18w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6c49236188d9464480910eaba72a0d95mv2.webp 1480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b8df77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4b8df77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-gt5xv239341\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT V7zwv a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><em>Le prix des quotas d&rsquo;\u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre s&rsquo;est effondr\u00e9 durant une d\u00e9cennie, ce qui a consid\u00e9rablement retard\u00e9 les efforts climatiques men\u00e9s en Europe. Source image : Minist\u00e8re de la Transition Ecologique.<\/em><\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-839973a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"839973a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8fa42a6\" data-id=\"8fa42a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d5452c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6d5452c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-uhomf83680\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Quant aux m\u00e9canismes de <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sami.eco\/blog\/compensation-carbone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>compensation carbone<\/u><\/a>, ils consistent \u00e0 contrebalancer les \u00e9missions d&rsquo;une activit\u00e9 donn\u00e9e par le financement de projets de r\u00e9duction d&rsquo;\u00e9missions ou de s\u00e9questration de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre, par exemple via la pr\u00e9servation ou le d\u00e9veloppement de for\u00eats.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-rh8r7175349\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">De nombreuses entreprises multinationales sont ainsi amen\u00e9es \u00e0 louer ou \u00e0 acheter d&rsquo;immenses surfaces pour compenser en partie leurs \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre, <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/fr\/news\/2024\/02\/28\/cambodge-un-projet-de-compensation-carbone-viole-les-droits-dune-communaute\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>privant par l\u00e0 des populations autochtones<\/u><\/a> de l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s \u00e0 des ressources indispensable \u00e0 la pr\u00e9servation de leur mode de vie. Cette pratique serait ainsi \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine de nombreux cas de <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.secours-catholique.org\/m-informer\/publications\/la-compensation-carbone-au-prix-des-droits-humains\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>violations des droits humains<\/u><\/a>.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-m8fle221534\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">De plus, les projets de compensation financ\u00e9s par les entreprises sont souvent inefficaces ou m\u00eame enti\u00e8rement fictifs. D&rsquo;apr\u00e8s une enqu\u00eate men\u00e9e conjointement par <em>Die Zeit <\/em>et <em>The Guardian<\/em>, <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.courrierinternational.com\/une\/une-du-jour-le-marche-des-compensations-carbone-est-un-scandale-climatique\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>90% des certificats de compensation carbone<\/u><\/a> d\u00e9livr\u00e9s par les organismes internationalement agr\u00e9\u00e9s sont en fait frauduleux.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-3rzfa118271\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Il est vrai que certains entrepreneurs prennent des initiatives volontaires, se situant en dehors des m\u00e9canismes mis en place au niveau national ou international, pour pr\u00e9server le climat. Pour Naomi Klein, l&rsquo;essentiel de ces d\u00e9marches rel\u00e8vent cependant davantage de la <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/fr\/climatechange\/science\/climate-issues\/greenwashing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>strat\u00e9gie de communication<\/u><\/a> que d&rsquo;un v\u00e9ritable engagement climatique.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-68p6t793\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">L&rsquo;essayiste canadienne analyse notamment le cas du fondateur du groupe Virgin, Richard Branson. Cet entrepreneur britannique s&rsquo;est engag\u00e9 publiquement en 2006 \u00e0 d\u00e9penser 3 milliards de dollars pour d\u00e9velopper des biocarburants servant d&rsquo;alternative au p\u00e9trole et d&rsquo;autres technologies favorables \u00e0 la pr\u00e9servation du climat. En 2013, ses investissements d\u00e9passaient \u00e0 peine les 200 millions de dollars.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-3r0j3101629\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">En revanche, Branson s&rsquo;est lanc\u00e9 dans un projet de tourisme spatial, <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/checknews\/quelle-est-lempreinte-environnementale-des-vols-touristiques-dans-lespace-20210729_PGWF4BQMGNGT5GG4NQJ7C2XMG4\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>fortement \u00e9metteur en gaz \u00e0 effet de serre<\/u><\/a>, dans lequel des milliards de dollars ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9pens\u00e9s, tout en assurant la croissance de l&rsquo;activit\u00e9 de la compagnie a\u00e9rienne qu&rsquo;il avait fond\u00e9 en 1982. Pour Klein, cet exemple est particuli\u00e8rement embl\u00e9matique de <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oxfamfrance.org\/rapports\/les-milliardaires-du-carbone\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>l&rsquo;attitude des milliardaires face au d\u00e9r\u00e8glement du climat<\/u><\/a>. Ces derniers, en promouvant l&rsquo;auto-r\u00e9gulation du march\u00e9, visent en fait \u00e0 \u00e9viter toute r\u00e9glementation plut\u00f4t qu&rsquo;\u00e0 assurer la mise en place d&rsquo;une \u00e9conomie d\u00e9carbon\u00e9e.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-miuto161342\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Dans ces conditions, la strat\u00e9gie adopt\u00e9e par les ONG environnementales au cours des ann\u00e9es 1990, qui a consist\u00e9 \u00e0 tenter de coop\u00e9rer avec les plus grandes entreprises pour amorcer la transition climatique, ne pouvait qu&rsquo;\u00eatre vou\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chec. Selon Naomi Klein, seule la confrontation directe avec les acteurs \u00e9conomiques promouvant l&rsquo;inaction climatique est susceptible d&rsquo;\u00eatre couronn\u00e9e de succ\u00e8s.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-cgga4220351\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">L&rsquo;auteure d\u00e9signe ainsi par le terme de \u00ab Blockadia \u00bb l&rsquo;ensemble des mouvements de r\u00e9sistance visant \u00e0 emp\u00eacher l&rsquo;\u00e9mergence de nouveaux projets d&rsquo;extraction d&rsquo;\u00e9nergies fossiles. Ce terme renvoie \u00e0 un mouvement protestataire transnational et itin\u00e9rant, organis\u00e9 par des militants soucieux de privil\u00e9gier les actions de terrain aux approches purement techniciennes et aux diverses n\u00e9gociations qui ont lieu \u00e0 l&rsquo;occasion des sommets climatiques.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-tfsfl284218\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Ce mouvement trouverait son origine dans les luttes engag\u00e9es au sein du delta du Niger au cours des ann\u00e9es 1990. Dans cette r\u00e9gion riche en p\u00e9trole, les activit\u00e9s des compagnies extractives ont conduit au d\u00e9versement de r\u00e9sidus p\u00e9troliers dans les cours d&rsquo;eau et dans les espaces naturels, ce qui a conduit \u00e0 une <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/fr\/%C3%A9missions\/billet-retour\/20210702-nigeria-la-vie-en-ogoniland-pollu%C3%A9-par-l-exploitation-p%C3%A9troli%C3%A8re\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>d\u00e9gradation extr\u00eame des conditions de vie<\/u><\/a> des habitants locaux, le peuple Ogoni.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d1fc795 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d1fc795\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-163da9a\" data-id=\"163da9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24a9e7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"24a9e7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"529\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6278575e43ac478297311316ea832d6dmv2.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1988\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6278575e43ac478297311316ea832d6dmv2.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6278575e43ac478297311316ea832d6dmv2-300x155.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6278575e43ac478297311316ea832d6dmv2-768x397.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6278575e43ac478297311316ea832d6dmv2-18x9.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9aae600 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9aae600\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-k5uma926\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT V7zwv a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><em>Le territoire ogoni, d\u00e9vast\u00e9 par les fuites p\u00e9troli\u00e8res. Source image : Les Amis de la Terre. <\/em><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3ddc271 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3ddc271\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6a9a80f\" data-id=\"6a9a80f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e354b96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e354b96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-hbbp3347598\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Une premi\u00e8re r\u00e9volte populaire contre les pollutions provoqu\u00e9es par les majors p\u00e9troli\u00e8res a \u00e9clat\u00e9 au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1990. Ces protestations, dirig\u00e9es entre autres par le dramaturge Ken Saro-Wiwa, ont conduit certaines compagnies comme Shell \u00e0 se retirer du territoire Ogoni.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-ezmoc400685\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Des milliers de r\u00e9sidents du Delta ont cependant \u00e9t\u00e9 tortur\u00e9s et tu\u00e9s, et des dizaines de villages ogonis ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ras\u00e9s. Ken Saro-Wiwa et huit de ses compatriotes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2011\/04\/15\/delta-du-niger-l-insoluble-conflit_1502612_3212.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>condamn\u00e9s \u00e0 mort<\/u><\/a> par le r\u00e9gime nig\u00e9rian. A partir de 2006, une v\u00e9ritable insurrection arm\u00e9e s\u2019est donc organis\u00e9e sur le territoire des Ogoni. Des attaques \u00e0 la bombe ont \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9es contre les infrastructures p\u00e9troli\u00e8res et certains travailleurs de l\u2019industrie p\u00e9troli\u00e8re ont m\u00eame \u00e9t\u00e9 enlev\u00e9s.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-g8ack482\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Au sein des pays o\u00f9 les activit\u00e9s des entreprises sont davantage r\u00e9glement\u00e9es, la r\u00e9sistance aux activit\u00e9s d&rsquo;extraction des ressources fossiles peut cependant prendre une forme plus pacifique. Naomi Klein ne pr\u00f4ne donc pas la r\u00e9sistance violente.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-ut380255482\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">La lutte contre la construction du <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lesechos.fr\/industrie-services\/energie-environnement\/keystone-xl-cinq-questions-sur-le-projet-controverse-doleoduc-transamericain-1283092\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>pipeline Keystone XL<\/u><\/a> repr\u00e9sente pour elle un cas embl\u00e9matique des activit\u00e9s du mouvement blockadia. Le projet Keystone XL, dont le co\u00fbt a \u00e9t\u00e9 estim\u00e9 \u00e0 plus de 9 milliards de dollars, devait permettre l&rsquo;extension \u00e0 hauteur de 2 677 kilom\u00e8tres d&rsquo;un ol\u00e9oduc existant, afin d&rsquo;acheminer aux Etats-Unis jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 830 000 barils de p\u00e9trole par jour, en provenance des <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/photo.capital.fr\/l-enorme-desastre-ecologique-du-petrole-bitumineux-2658#construction-d-une-unite-de-traitement-du-bitume-40344\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>sables bitumeux d&rsquo;Alberta<\/u><\/a>.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-t40qm22093\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Keystone a provoqu\u00e9 les plus grandes manifestations de l&rsquo;histoire du mouvement climatique am\u00e9ricain : plus de <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/ici.radio-canada.ca\/nouvelle\/600708\/keystone-xl-manifestation-washington\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>30 000 personnes<\/u><\/a> se sont ainsi r\u00e9unies pour protester devant la Maison Blanche en f\u00e9vrier 2013. Plus d&rsquo;une centaine de <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/lareleveetlapeste.fr\/nouvelle-victoire-pour-les-peuples-autochtones-coup-darret-pour-le-pipeline-keystone-xl-au-canada\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>peuples autochtones<\/u><\/a> am\u00e9ricains et canadiens se sont \u00e9galement coordonn\u00e9s pour d\u00e9noncer un projet dont la r\u00e9alisation aurait conduit \u00e0 une violation de leurs droits fonciers. Apr\u00e8s de nombreux rebondissements, le projet a finalement \u00e9t\u00e9 <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/conjoncture\/keystone-xl-quel-est-ce-projet-d-oleoduc-que-biden-veut-enterrer-20210118\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>enterr\u00e9 de fa\u00e7on d\u00e9finitive<\/u><\/a> en 2021 par le pr\u00e9sident Joe Biden.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-3pefc33494\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">L&rsquo;exercice des droits des peuples autochtones a jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le central dans de nombreux autres mouvements de r\u00e9sistance aux combustibles fossiles sur le continent am\u00e9ricain : <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/fingfx.thomsonreuters.com\/gfx\/rngs\/USA-TRUMP-TRIBES\/010050FH10J\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>opposition des Cheyennes<\/u><\/a> \u00e0 l&rsquo;exploitation du charbon dans le Montana ; lutte des Lummi, l\u00e0 encore contre l&rsquo;industrie du charbon, dans le nord-ouest du Pacifique ; efforts des <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2013\/oct\/21\/new-brunswick-fracking-protests\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>Elsipogtog <\/u><\/a>pour emp\u00eacher le d\u00e9veloppement de la fracturation hydraulique au Nouveau-Brunswick, etc.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-0xyrn215275\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Le mouvement blockadia ne se limite cependant pas au continent am\u00e9ricain. En Allemagne, le d\u00e9veloppement d&rsquo;une nouvelle mine de charbon dans le <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.latribune.fr\/economie\/union-europeenne\/allemagne-affrontements-entre-policiers-et-ecologistes-contestant-l-extension-d-une-mine-de-charbon-947989.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>village de L\u00fczerath<\/u><\/a> a par exemple provoqu\u00e9 d&rsquo;importantes protestations en 2023. L&rsquo;extension d&rsquo;un puits de <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sudouest.fr\/gironde\/arcachon\/puits-de-petrole-en-gironde-apres-le-succes-de-la-manifestation-les-opposants-ne-lachent-rien-18614182.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>p\u00e9trole en Gironde<\/u><\/a> a \u00e9galement suscit\u00e9 un importante opposition en France en 2024. <\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbb429e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbb429e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1bde48\" data-id=\"c1bde48\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07b82e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"07b82e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"948\" height=\"474\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_35436aaeb2a84a4fa24d18f0d24e05a8mv2.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1987\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_35436aaeb2a84a4fa24d18f0d24e05a8mv2.webp 948w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_35436aaeb2a84a4fa24d18f0d24e05a8mv2-300x150.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_35436aaeb2a84a4fa24d18f0d24e05a8mv2-768x384.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_35436aaeb2a84a4fa24d18f0d24e05a8mv2-18x9.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 948px) 100vw, 948px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4047770 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4047770\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-k5uma926\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT V7zwv a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><em>Manifestants s&rsquo;opposant au projet de mine dans le village de L\u00fczerath. Source image : Roland Geisheimer.<\/em><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-12242fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"12242fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1b1ad68\" data-id=\"1b1ad68\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b664d77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b664d77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-x61wv38398\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Sur le continent africain, la construction d&rsquo;un pipeline par Total en Ouganda et en Tanzanie est \u00e9galement \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine de mouvements protestataires <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2023\/09\/19\/en-ouganda-la-repression-contre-les-opposants-au-projet-de-totalenergies-se-poursuit_6190020_3212.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>durement r\u00e9prim\u00e9s<\/u><\/a>, tandis qu&rsquo;en Australie, des militants sont parvenus \u00e0 imposer un blocus temporaire au port d&rsquo;exportation de charbon de <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.letemps.ch\/monde\/australie-une-centaine-de-militants-arretes-pour-le-blocus-du-port-charbonnier-de-newcastle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>Newcastle<\/u><\/a>.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-1urie42986\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Pour Naomi Klein, le combat contre les \u00e9nergies fossiles peut donc \u00eatre remport\u00e9. L&rsquo;essayiste propose notamment un parall\u00e8le entre blockadia et le mouvement pour l&rsquo;abolition de l&rsquo;esclavage, qui a rendu possible une \u00e9volution majeure de l&rsquo;organisation \u00e9conomique aux Etats-Unis \u2013 au prix cependant de r\u00e9bellions souvent r\u00e9prim\u00e9es dans le sang et d&rsquo;une guerre civile meurtri\u00e8re.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-4ld0r117678\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><span class=\"rpoEi\">Le d\u00e9passement d&rsquo;un mod\u00e8le de civilisation fond\u00e9 sur l&rsquo;exploitation des \u00e9nergies fossiles supposera de mettre fin \u00e0 la logique extractiviste qui r\u00e9duit le monde et les \u00eatres humains \u00e0 de simples ressources et repose sur la multiplication des <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/revuelespritlibre.org\/resistances-transnationales-lextractivisme-en-temps-de-pandemie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>zones sacrifi\u00e9es<\/u><\/a>, \u00e0 l&rsquo;image de l&rsquo;\u00eele de Nauru, dont l&rsquo;essentiel du territoire a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9truit afin d&rsquo;assurer l&rsquo;<a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.francetvinfo.fr\/monde\/asie\/lile-de-nauru-du-reve-au-cauchemar_3068375.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>exploitation du phosphate<\/u><\/a> indispensable aux activit\u00e9s agricoles intensives. <\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdff0f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdff0f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1467e02\" data-id=\"1467e02\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f931564 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f931564\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"679\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_44435c56d2844b4297d3b39277f74d16mv2-1024x679.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1986\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_44435c56d2844b4297d3b39277f74d16mv2-1024x679.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_44435c56d2844b4297d3b39277f74d16mv2-300x199.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_44435c56d2844b4297d3b39277f74d16mv2-768x510.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_44435c56d2844b4297d3b39277f74d16mv2-18x12.webp 18w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_44435c56d2844b4297d3b39277f74d16mv2.webp 1480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c28e56 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5c28e56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-k5uma926\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT V7zwv a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nauru, zone sacrifi\u00e9e. Source image : Lorrie Graham.<\/em><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-58b41e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"58b41e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75347f4\" data-id=\"75347f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-030cce5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"030cce5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-x61wv38398\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT Ms0q1 a144M\" dir=\"auto\">Le combat s&rsquo;annonce d&rsquo;autant plus titanesque que l&rsquo;influence du mod\u00e8le extractiviste s&rsquo;exerce bien au-del\u00e0 des seules sph\u00e8res capitalistes. Comme le reconna\u00eet Naomi Klein, ce mod\u00e8le a \u00e9galement inspir\u00e9 les mouvements communistes, socialistes et syndicalistes. Ce sont donc en derni\u00e8re instance de nouveaux mod\u00e8les d&rsquo;organisation sociale qui restent \u00e0 inventer. C&rsquo;est sans doute l\u00e0 que r\u00e9side l&rsquo;un des enjeux les plus importants de la lutte contre le d\u00e9r\u00e8glement climatique.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-aa6e742 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"aa6e742\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-68c5f8f\" data-id=\"68c5f8f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13b213a elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"13b213a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4addde6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4addde6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Posts r\u00e9cents<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1d6f51 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d1d6f51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a878546 elementor-posts--align-left elementor-grid-3 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"a878546\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;cards_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:29,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_columns&quot;:&quot;3&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;cards_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.cards\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-cards elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-1985 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-essais category-humanites\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/en\/tout-peut-changer\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" ><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"201\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6cd492504f744dd6a22d0c150cf38e11mv2-300x201.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-1993\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6cd492504f744dd6a22d0c150cf38e11mv2-300x201.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6cd492504f744dd6a22d0c150cf38e11mv2-1024x686.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6cd492504f744dd6a22d0c150cf38e11mv2-768x515.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6cd492504f744dd6a22d0c150cf38e11mv2-18x12.webp 18w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_6cd492504f744dd6a22d0c150cf38e11mv2.webp 1237w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Essais<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/en\/tout-peut-changer\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tTout peut changer\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/en\/tout-peut-changer\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Tout peut changer\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tLire le post \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-date\">\n\t\t\t21\/09\/2024\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-1974 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-humanites category-philosophie\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/en\/ou-atterrir\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" ><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_77e1a34686ad4ddba54021e77d99df65mv2-300x200.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-1980\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_77e1a34686ad4ddba54021e77d99df65mv2-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_77e1a34686ad4ddba54021e77d99df65mv2-1024x682.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_77e1a34686ad4ddba54021e77d99df65mv2-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_77e1a34686ad4ddba54021e77d99df65mv2-18x12.webp 18w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_77e1a34686ad4ddba54021e77d99df65mv2.webp 1480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Humanit\u00e9s<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/en\/ou-atterrir\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tO\u00f9 atterrir ?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/en\/ou-atterrir\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about O\u00f9 atterrir ?\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tLire le post \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-date\">\n\t\t\t21\/09\/2024\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-1963 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-humanites category-histoire\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/en\/le-climat-de-lhistoire\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" ><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"223\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_2baa32335f4e451e8f9a7047d5eb0a7bmv2-300x223.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-1969\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_2baa32335f4e451e8f9a7047d5eb0a7bmv2-300x223.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_2baa32335f4e451e8f9a7047d5eb0a7bmv2-768x571.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_2baa32335f4e451e8f9a7047d5eb0a7bmv2-16x12.webp 16w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_2baa32335f4e451e8f9a7047d5eb0a7bmv2.webp 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Humanit\u00e9s<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/en\/le-climat-de-lhistoire\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tLe climat de l&rsquo;histoire\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/en\/le-climat-de-lhistoire\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Le climat de l&rsquo;histoire\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tLire le post \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-date\">\n\t\t\t21\/09\/2024\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tout<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1993,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1985","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-essais","category-humanites"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>| Tout peut changer |<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Apr\u00e8s plusieurs d\u00e9cennies de recherches scientifiques, de nombreuses incertitudes entourent encore la question du d\u00e9r\u00e8glement climatique.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/en\/tout-peut-changer\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" 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