{"id":2112,"date":"2024-09-22T12:15:17","date_gmt":"2024-09-22T12:15:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/?p=2112"},"modified":"2024-10-07T08:57:01","modified_gmt":"2024-10-07T08:57:01","slug":"comment-les-economistes-rechauffent-la-planete","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/en\/comment-les-economistes-rechauffent-la-planete\/","title":{"rendered":"Comment les \u00e9conomistes r\u00e9chauffent la plan\u00e8te"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2112\" class=\"elementor elementor-2112\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-efe2a87 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"efe2a87\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1bc4a09\" data-id=\"1bc4a09\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2481faa elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2481faa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-560e033 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"560e033\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Comment les \u00e9conomistes r\u00e9chauffent la plan\u00e8te<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47abcb2 elementor-icon-list--layout-inline elementor-align-center elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"47abcb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items elementor-inline-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-file-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">\u00c9conomie<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-calendar-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">06.04.2024 <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-inline-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-clock\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">10 min<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e251cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6e251cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-67a30a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"67a30a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ff0eaee\" data-id=\"ff0eaee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b551de3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b551de3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"616\" height=\"646\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_0e72426bac1a4410b9422eb31c13134dmv2.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2122\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_0e72426bac1a4410b9422eb31c13134dmv2.webp 616w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_0e72426bac1a4410b9422eb31c13134dmv2-286x300.webp 286w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_0e72426bac1a4410b9422eb31c13134dmv2-11x12.webp 11w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 616px) 100vw, 616px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ed77fbd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ed77fbd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6de4209\" data-id=\"6de4209\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c84bd88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c84bd88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p>Dans un ouvrage intitul\u00e9 Comment les \u00e9conomistes r\u00e9chauffent la plan\u00e8te, paru aux \u00e9ditions du Seuil en 2016, Atonin Pottier, ma\u00eetre de conf\u00e9rence \u00e0 l&rsquo;EHESS, s&rsquo;interroge sur les pr\u00e9conisations propos\u00e9es par un certain nombre d&rsquo;\u00e9conomistes en mati\u00e8re de politiques climatiques.<\/p><p>Les analyses \u00e9conomique portant sur le co\u00fbt des r\u00e9ductions d\u2019\u00e9missions n\u00e9cessaires pour limiter le r\u00e9chauffement du climat semblent indiquer des niveaux d&rsquo;investissements fort raisonnables. En investissant dans la transition climatique d\u00e8s 2015, il aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 possible de stabiliser la concentration de CO2 dans l&rsquo;atmosph\u00e8re \u00e0 450 parties par millions (ppm) \u2013 contre 280 ppm \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e8re pr\u00e9-industrielle \u2013 pour un co\u00fbt limit\u00e9 \u00e0 2% du PIB mondial en 2030, et 3,5% en 2050. Un tel co\u00fbt para\u00eet limit\u00e9 en regard des cons\u00e9quences d\u00e9sastreuses d\u00e9coulant d&rsquo;un d\u00e9r\u00e8glement excessif du climat. Telles \u00e9taient du moins les conclusions du 5e rapport du GIEC publi\u00e9 en 2014.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fc2d34e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fc2d34e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1b04e46\" data-id=\"1b04e46\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aafe65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2aafe65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"660\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_b52aa849c8494e55bbf82bb040c19d4dmv2-1024x660.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2121\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_b52aa849c8494e55bbf82bb040c19d4dmv2-1024x660.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_b52aa849c8494e55bbf82bb040c19d4dmv2-300x193.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_b52aa849c8494e55bbf82bb040c19d4dmv2-768x495.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_b52aa849c8494e55bbf82bb040c19d4dmv2-18x12.webp 18w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_b52aa849c8494e55bbf82bb040c19d4dmv2.webp 1137w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cef66a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3cef66a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>En vert, le co\u00fbt sur la p\u00e9riode 2010-2050 (en % du PIB mondial) des mesures permettant de limiter la quantit\u00e9 d&rsquo;\u00e9quivalent CO2 dans l&rsquo;atmosph\u00e8re \u00e0 430-530 ppm en 2100. En bleu marine, le co\u00fbt de mesures permettant d&rsquo;atteindre cet objectif tout en assurant un niveau de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique \u00e9lev\u00e9 en en garantissant des niveaux de pollution de l&rsquo;air faibles. Source : GIEC (AR5, WGIII, ch. 6).<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ddf9b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7ddf9b9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-64256ba\" data-id=\"64256ba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71c3b4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71c3b4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p>Dans ces conditions, comment expliquer que de nombreux \u00e9conomistes se soient souvent montr\u00e9s de farouches partisans de l&rsquo;inaction climatique ? Pour comprendre ce positionnement, il faut tout d&rsquo;abord rappeler que sur le plan de la rationalit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique, quand bien m\u00eame les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices d&rsquo;une politique donn\u00e9e exc\u00e8dent son co\u00fbt, cette politique n&rsquo;est pas n\u00e9cessairement optimale. Pour \u00eatre jug\u00e9e telle, elle doit conduire \u00e0 une situation de maximisation des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices.<\/p><p>Quand bien m\u00eame la r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions diminue les dommages climatiques futurs, elle entra\u00eene des investissements suppl\u00e9mentaires et diminue la consommation d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui. La r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre est ainsi r\u00e9duite \u00e0 un simple investissement, qui doit avoir un taux de rendement au moins \u00e9gal aux autres investissements qui pourraient \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9s avec le capital mobilis\u00e9.<\/p><p>Second \u00e9l\u00e9ment d&rsquo;explication propos\u00e9 par Antonin Pottier : le discours \u00e9conomique a syst\u00e9matiquement sous-\u00e9valu\u00e9 les cons\u00e9quences du d\u00e9r\u00e8glement climatique sur la production de richesses. Il n&rsquo;est d\u00e8s lors pas \u00e9tonnant que l&rsquo;inaction climatique ait \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9e \u00e0 des investissements jug\u00e9s peu profitables. Pour les \u00e9conomistes, les politiques climatiques sont peu int\u00e9ressantes, car sur le plan \u00e9conomique, les dommages climatiques seraient en fin de compte peu importants.<\/p><p>En quoi consistent au juste ces dommages ? Ils sont usuellement r\u00e9partis par les \u00e9conomistes en deux cat\u00e9gories distinctes : dommages marchands d&rsquo;une part et dommages non-marchands d&rsquo;autre part. Les dommages marchands correspondent aux pertes de production. Les dommages non-marchands renvoient plut\u00f4t \u00e0 des pertes d&rsquo;ordre psychologiques, comme par exemple la disparition d\u2019un paysage.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72341e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72341e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3f0f05\" data-id=\"a3f0f05\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-904ddae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"904ddae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-642013c\" data-id=\"642013c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-466b2b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"466b2b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_98b6cda6f73f47dcbe2b3e3b1064ae3bmv2.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2120\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_98b6cda6f73f47dcbe2b3e3b1064ae3bmv2.webp 800w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_98b6cda6f73f47dcbe2b3e3b1064ae3bmv2-300x199.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_98b6cda6f73f47dcbe2b3e3b1064ae3bmv2-768x509.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_98b6cda6f73f47dcbe2b3e3b1064ae3bmv2-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7ae1ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7ae1ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>La destruction d&rsquo;un espace naturel (ici la for\u00eat en Alberta) est aux yeux de l&rsquo;\u00e9conomiste un simple dommage non-marchand qui peut \u00eatre compens\u00e9 par une production accrue de richesses (en l&rsquo;occurrence la production de p\u00e9trole issu des sables bitumeux). Source photographie : Greenpeace. <\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aef2eeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aef2eeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p>Comment estimer la valeur des dommages non-marchands ? Les \u00e9conomistes choisissent le plus souvent de les convertir en pertes de production. La valeur d\u2019un dommage donn\u00e9 est \u00e9gale \u00e0 la hausse de consommation qui le compenserait aux yeux des victimes du pr\u00e9judice. Une telle conversion est cependant difficile \u00e0 op\u00e9rer en pratique. Solution d&rsquo;ordinaire propos\u00e9e par les \u00e9conomistes : ne pas prendre en compte les dommages non-marchands dans les calculs.<\/p><p>Le probl\u00e8me des dommages non marchands \u00e9tant ainsi r\u00e9gl\u00e9, il reste encore \u00e0 calculer le co\u00fbt des dommages marchands li\u00e9s au d\u00e9r\u00e8glement du climat. Trois grandes m\u00e9thodes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es \u00e0 cette fin.<\/p><p>La premi\u00e8re, dite \u00e9num\u00e9rative, consiste \u00e0 \u00e9tablir une liste des dommages climatiques possibles, puis \u00e0 les \u00e9valuer s\u00e9par\u00e9ment et \u00e0 en faire la somme. Le fonctionnement de certains secteurs, comme les administrations publiques, est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme ind\u00e9pendant du climat. D\u2019autres secteurs, comme la construction, qui implique du travail en plein air et est donc sensible aux pics de chaleur ou aux intemp\u00e9ries, sont jug\u00e9s mod\u00e9r\u00e9ment sensibles aux conditions climatiques. Enfin, quelques secteurs sont identifi\u00e9s comme \u00e9tant tr\u00e8s expos\u00e9s aux conditions climatiques. Tel est notamment le cas des activit\u00e9s qui reposent sur l\u2019exploitation de la mati\u00e8re vivante : agriculture, p\u00eache, exploitation du bois, etc.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0a1557d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0a1557d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-60432e5\" data-id=\"60432e5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af5dbf8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"af5dbf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"536\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_ca052266a2094428bf7a428017d0ee18mv2.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2119\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_ca052266a2094428bf7a428017d0ee18mv2.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_ca052266a2094428bf7a428017d0ee18mv2-300x157.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_ca052266a2094428bf7a428017d0ee18mv2-768x402.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_ca052266a2094428bf7a428017d0ee18mv2-18x9.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-806f529 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"806f529\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>L&rsquo;agriculture est en premi\u00e8re ligne du d\u00e9r\u00e8glement climatique. La s\u00e9cheresse de 2022 a par exemple provoqu\u00e9 en France une perte des rendements agricoles de 10% \u00e0 20% pour les cultures c\u00e9r\u00e9ali\u00e8res. Cr\u00e9dit image : Consoglobe.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c980a58 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c980a58\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5580fd8\" data-id=\"5580fd8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94a35c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94a35c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p>Des \u00e9tudes sectorielles sont ensuite utilis\u00e9es pour chiffrer les dommages correspondant aux deux derniers types de secteurs. En employant cette m\u00e9thode, William Nordhaus, r\u00e9compens\u00e9 par le prix de la Banque de Su\u00e8de en sciences \u00e9conomiques pour ses recherches en \u00e9conomie du climat, a par exemple estim\u00e9 la perte de production r\u00e9sultant d&rsquo;un r\u00e9chauffement de 3\u00b0C \u00e0 0,25 % du revenu national des \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/p><p>Cette valeur s&rsquo;explique par la structure de l\u2019\u00e9conomie am\u00e9ricaine, au sein de laquelle les secteurs tr\u00e8s expos\u00e9s au d\u00e9r\u00e8glement climatique ne repr\u00e9sentent que 3 % du PIB. La disparition compl\u00e8te de l&rsquo;agriculture am\u00e9ricaine n&rsquo;aurait selon cette logique qu&rsquo;une faible incidence \u00e9conomique et peut donc \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme une issue parfaitement viable dans la logique adopt\u00e9e par Nordhaus.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ed6d268 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ed6d268\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3dc327d\" data-id=\"3dc327d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f790084 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f790084\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"770\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_a34155cda1064b719222b39347920ea8mv2-1024x770.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2118\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_a34155cda1064b719222b39347920ea8mv2-1024x770.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_a34155cda1064b719222b39347920ea8mv2-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_a34155cda1064b719222b39347920ea8mv2-768x577.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_a34155cda1064b719222b39347920ea8mv2-16x12.webp 16w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_a34155cda1064b719222b39347920ea8mv2.webp 1191w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b9741b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1b9741b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-fl98n997270\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT V7zwv a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><em>Lors du discours qu&rsquo;il a prononc\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;occasion de la remise du prix Nobel en 2018, Nordhaus a pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 ce graphique, qui d\u00e9crit comme optimal un niveau de r\u00e9chauffement sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 3\u00b0C au cours du XXIe si\u00e8cle. Source image : <a class=\"Qwps1 _8zT4p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/uploads\/2018\/10\/nordhaus-slides.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-hook=\"WebLink\"><u>Nobelprize.org<\/u><\/a>. <\/em><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-839973a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"839973a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8fa42a6\" data-id=\"8fa42a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d5452c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6d5452c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p>La m\u00e9thode \u00e9num\u00e9rative ne permet cependant pas de tenir compte des effets de propagation des dommages. Une perte de production agricole peut par exemple avoir des r\u00e9percussions sur l\u2019industrie agroalimentaire. Une deuxi\u00e8me m\u00e9thode de calcul des dommages vise \u00e0 corriger ce d\u00e9faut en tenant compte des ajustements qui peuvent avoir lieu entre les secteurs.<\/p><p>Paradoxalement, cette deuxi\u00e8me m\u00e9thode conduit g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00e0 des estimations plus optimistes encore. Les dommages climatiques induisent en effet des variations de prix auxquelles les consommateurs s&rsquo;ajustent en modifiant leur demande : si les prix augmentent au sein d&rsquo;un secteur, la consommation diminue au sein de ce secteur, mais peut se reporter sur d&rsquo;autres secteurs. Les pertes de production locales peuvent donc \u00eatre compens\u00e9es au niveau global.<\/p><p>Une derni\u00e8re m\u00e9thode, statistique, propose d\u2019estimer les dommages climatiques \u00e0 partir de donn\u00e9es historiques. Les \u00e9conomistes s&rsquo;efforcent alors de mesurer l&rsquo;influence des variations climatiques pass\u00e9es sur la production. Une premi\u00e8re strat\u00e9gie consiste \u00e0 calculer l\u2019effet des fluctuations m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques annuelles pass\u00e9es sur l\u2019activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique. Une seconde possibilit\u00e9 est de rechercher l&rsquo;existence de diff\u00e9rence significative d\u2019activit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques entre les pays selon leur temp\u00e9rature moyenne.<\/p><p>Cette m\u00e9thode a cependant le d\u00e9faut de mettre sur le m\u00eame plan des hausses ponctuelles de temp\u00e9rature ou des diff\u00e9rences r\u00e9gionales avec une hausse continue de la temp\u00e9rature moyenne \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle du globe. Elle ignore enti\u00e8rement les co\u00fbts engendr\u00e9s par l\u2019adaptation du capital existant au nouveau climat, ainsi que les cons\u00e9quences \u00e9conomiques de l&rsquo;incapacit\u00e9 de certains acteurs \u00e0 r\u00e9agir de la bonne mani\u00e8re aux modifications du climat. Elle omet enfin certains ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes essentiels comme la mont\u00e9e du niveau des mers ou l\u2019acidification des oc\u00e9ans.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d1fc795 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d1fc795\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-163da9a\" data-id=\"163da9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24a9e7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"24a9e7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"656\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_7f7282548e80424aae114b26e3060b6cmv2-1024x656.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2117\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_7f7282548e80424aae114b26e3060b6cmv2-1024x656.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_7f7282548e80424aae114b26e3060b6cmv2-300x192.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_7f7282548e80424aae114b26e3060b6cmv2-768x492.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_7f7282548e80424aae114b26e3060b6cmv2-18x12.webp 18w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_7f7282548e80424aae114b26e3060b6cmv2.webp 1480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9aae600 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9aae600\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-k5uma926\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT V7zwv a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><em>La hausse du niveau des oc\u00e9ans, qui repr\u00e9sente l&rsquo;un des aspects essentiels du d\u00e9r\u00e8glement climatique, est enti\u00e8rement ignor\u00e9 par certains mod\u00e8les \u00e9conomiques. <\/em><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3ddc271 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3ddc271\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6a9a80f\" data-id=\"6a9a80f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e354b96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e354b96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p>Avec ces trois types de m\u00e9thodes, la plupart des \u00e9conomistes ont estim\u00e9 que les dommages r\u00e9sultat d&rsquo;une hausse des temp\u00e9ratures inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 2 \u00b0C seraient en fin de compte assez faibles. Certaines estimations plus pessimistes, comme celles de l&rsquo;\u00e9conomiste anglais Nicholas Stern, anticipent des dommages de l&rsquo;ordre de 6% du PIB pour un r\u00e9chauffement global de 8 \u00b0C.<\/p><p>Les \u00e9tudes climatologiques sur les cons\u00e9quences d&rsquo;un r\u00e9chauffement du climat sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 3\u00b0C restent pourtant rares et souffrent de nombreuses lacunes. Les \u00ab estimations \u00bb des \u00e9conomistes apparaissent alors en fait comme des extrapolations difficilement justifiables.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0cd4e27 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0cd4e27\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4ea9b78\" data-id=\"4ea9b78\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17dd56a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"17dd56a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"694\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_18fdcbb148fb420c9dd81b3706102f56mv2.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2116\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_18fdcbb148fb420c9dd81b3706102f56mv2.webp 694w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_18fdcbb148fb420c9dd81b3706102f56mv2-300x156.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_18fdcbb148fb420c9dd81b3706102f56mv2-18x9.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 694px) 100vw, 694px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-096dfea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"096dfea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-k5uma926\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT V7zwv a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><em>Un exemple pr\u00e9sentant diverses \u00ab\u00a0fonctions de dommage \u00bb cens\u00e9es repr\u00e9senter les effet du d\u00e9r\u00e8glement climatique sur l&rsquo;\u00e9conomie mondiale. Pour un r\u00e9chauffement de 2\u00b0C, consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme particuli\u00e8rement dangereux par les climatologues, l&rsquo;ensemble de ces estimations concluent \u00e0 des dommages \u00e0 peine discernables. Source : Zhao et al., <\/em>Science Advance<em>, 2020.<\/em><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9bfee6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9bfee6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c5ada3f\" data-id=\"c5ada3f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6568ea9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6568ea9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p>Dans ces conditions, il n&rsquo;est gu\u00e8re \u00e9tonnant qu&rsquo;un \u00e9conomiste comme Richard Tol, sp\u00e9cialiste de l\u2019\u00e9valuation des dommages climatique, puisse affirmer que le d\u00e9r\u00e8glement du climat ne repr\u00e9sente pas un probl\u00e8me important pour le XXIe si\u00e8cle, ou que William Nordhaus ait d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que la trajectoire \u00e9conomiquement optimale de r\u00e9chauffement \u00e9tait sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 3\u00b0C.<\/p><p>Ces propos contrastent avec ceux des climatologues. La scientifique fran\u00e7aise Val\u00e9rie Masson-Delmotte affirme par exemple que la limitation du r\u00e9chauffement climatique 1,5\u00b0C ou 2\u00b0C est absolument indispensable pour pr\u00e9server un monde \u00ab vivable et \u00e9quitable \u00bb.<\/p><p>Un sondage r\u00e9alis\u00e9 par Nordhaus lui-m\u00eame en 1994 souligne l&rsquo;\u00e9cart qui a pu exister entre \u00e9conomistes et climatologues concernant la gravit\u00e9 du d\u00e9r\u00e8glement du climat. Les experts interrog\u00e9s, tous sp\u00e9cialistes des dommages climatiques, devaient proposer des estimations de dommages pour diff\u00e9rents sc\u00e9narios. Dans le cas d&rsquo;un r\u00e9chauffement de 6 \u00b0C atteint d\u00e8s 2090, les sp\u00e9cialistes de sciences naturelles anticipaient des pertes comprises entre 20 % et 95 % du PIB. Les \u00e9conomistes misaient quant \u00e0 eux sur des pertes de 0,3 % \u00e0 9 % du PIB.<\/p><p>La faiblesse des estimations propos\u00e9es par les \u00e9conomistes s&rsquo;explique \u00e9galement par leur mani\u00e8re de calculer les dommages dans le temps. La r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions a un co\u00fbt imm\u00e9diat, tandis que les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices li\u00e9s \u00e0 la pr\u00e9servation du climat ne seront sensibles que dans plusieurs d\u00e9cennies.<\/p><p>Or, en \u00e9conomie, la valeur d\u2019un euro re\u00e7u aujourd\u2019hui n\u2019est pas identique \u00e0 celle du m\u00eame euro re\u00e7u plus tard, et ce ind\u00e9pendamment du toute consid\u00e9ration concernant l&rsquo;inflation. En effet, le futur est incertain : un agent \u00e9conomique ne peut \u00eatre absolument certain d&rsquo;\u00eatre encore en vie demain ou dans dix ans, ce qui r\u00e9duit l&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat d&rsquo;une somme d&rsquo;argent re\u00e7ue \u00e0 une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance lointaine.<\/p><p>La validit\u00e9 de ce raisonnement est peut-\u00eatre moins convaincante lorsqu&rsquo;on r\u00e9fl\u00e9chit \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle d&rsquo;une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u2013 bien que la possibilit\u00e9 d&rsquo;une extinction de l&rsquo;esp\u00e8ce humaine au cours des si\u00e8cles \u00e0 venir ne puisse \u00eatre enti\u00e8rement exclue.<\/p><p>Seconde raison pour laquelle les \u00e9conomistes accordent une moindre valeur \u00e0 l&rsquo;avenir : l\u2019utilit\u00e9 suppl\u00e9mentaire d\u2019une unit\u00e9 de consommation, ou utilit\u00e9 marginale, d\u00e9cro\u00eet lorsque la richesse augmente. Un euro suppl\u00e9mentaire a par exemple moins de valeur pour un millionnaire que pour celui qui peine \u00e0 se nourrir.<\/p><p>Or, une \u00e9crasante majorit\u00e9 d&rsquo;\u00e9conomistes font l&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se que la croissance du PIB mondiale se poursuivra au cours de ce si\u00e8cle et des si\u00e8cles \u00e0 venir. Un euro investi aujourd&rsquo;hui permettra en effet d&rsquo;obtenir des taux d&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eats qui conduiront \u00e0 un enrichissement progressif. Les pertes lointaines r\u00e9sultant des dommages climatiques serait ainsi n\u00e9gligeable en comparaison des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices que permettraient d&rsquo;obtenir les investissements pr\u00e9sents.<\/p><p>Les \u00e9conomistes parlent de \u00ab taux d&rsquo;actualisation \u00bb pour rendre compte de cette d\u00e9valuation de l&rsquo;avenir. Le choix de ce taux est crucial pour le calcul des dommages climatiques. Dans le cas d&rsquo;une somme de 100 \u20ac re\u00e7ue dans trente ans, le choix d&rsquo;un taux d&rsquo;actualisation de 12% conduit par exemple \u00e0 estimer sa valeur actuelle \u00e0 3,3 \u20ac tandis qu&rsquo;un taux d&rsquo;actualisation de 4% conduit \u00e0 la valoriser \u00e0 30,8 \u20ac.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5c8c800 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5c8c800\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-239a1ef\" data-id=\"239a1ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c096837 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c096837\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"841\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_669e1f4fa23e4ebcbe7b8e2d62d76cb4mv2.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2115\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_669e1f4fa23e4ebcbe7b8e2d62d76cb4mv2.webp 841w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_669e1f4fa23e4ebcbe7b8e2d62d76cb4mv2-300x178.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_669e1f4fa23e4ebcbe7b8e2d62d76cb4mv2-768x457.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_669e1f4fa23e4ebcbe7b8e2d62d76cb4mv2-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 841px) 100vw, 841px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68794f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"68794f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-k5uma926\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT V7zwv a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><em>Le choix du taux d&rsquo;actualisation influence de fa\u00e7on d\u00e9cisive la valeur future accord\u00e9e \u00e0 un bien d\u00e9tenu aujourd&rsquo;hui. Source image : Encyclop\u00e9die de l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie.<\/em><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abc2331 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"abc2331\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p>Afin de choisir un taux d&rsquo;actualisation qui ne soit pas purement arbitraire, William Nordhaus a par exemple choisi de fonder ses calculs sur les taux d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat de certains instruments financiers dont le rendement est de l\u2019ordre de 6 % par an. Actualiser le futur revient alors en fait \u00e0 lui \u00f4ter \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s toute valeur.<\/p><p>D&rsquo;autres \u00e9conomistes ont cependant choisi de baser leur taux d&rsquo;actualisation sur le rendement des bons du Tr\u00e9sor am\u00e9ricains, moins risqu\u00e9s, qui sont de l&rsquo;ordre de 1,5 %. De tels choix semblent en derni\u00e8re instance extr\u00eamement difficiles \u00e0 justifier, alors qu&rsquo;ils conduisent pourtant \u00e0 des conclusions radicalement diff\u00e9rentes.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dc98244 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dc98244\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4a8ba2f\" data-id=\"4a8ba2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebd034f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ebd034f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"888\" height=\"359\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_8a02be01becd4fd49df95e894701f8d4mv2.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2114\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_8a02be01becd4fd49df95e894701f8d4mv2.webp 888w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_8a02be01becd4fd49df95e894701f8d4mv2-300x121.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_8a02be01becd4fd49df95e894701f8d4mv2-768x310.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_8a02be01becd4fd49df95e894701f8d4mv2-18x7.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 888px) 100vw, 888px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57862be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"57862be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-k5uma926\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT V7zwv a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><em>Le taux d&rsquo;actualisation retenu, qui ne peut jamais \u00eatre justifi\u00e9 de fa\u00e7on absolue, conduit \u00e0 des conclusions radicalement diff\u00e9rentes concernant le co\u00fbt associ\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9missions d&rsquo;une tonne de CO2 dans l&rsquo;atmosph\u00e8re. Source image : National Academies Press.<\/em><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f9b1a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f9b1a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p>Il existence enfin une derni\u00e8re raison qui conduit de nombreux \u00e9conomistes \u00e0 sous-estimer le co\u00fbt des dommages climatiques. Les incertitudes qui entourent les trajectoires de r\u00e9chauffement \u00e0 venir interdisent d&rsquo;\u00e9carter la possibilit\u00e9 de sc\u00e9narios catastrophiques qui engendreraient des d\u00e9g\u00e2ts \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s infinis. Cependant, les \u00e9conomistes ne sont pas en mesure de calculer la probabilit\u00e9 de tels sc\u00e9narios et font donc le plus souvent le choix de ne pas les inclure dans leurs calculs, ce qui ne peut que conduire \u00e0 des r\u00e9sultats biais\u00e9s.<\/p><p>Le cadrage qui r\u00e9sulte de l\u2019analyse co\u00fbt-b\u00e9n\u00e9fice produit en fin de compte une illusion : une situation future inconnue et extr\u00eamement complexe est convertie en une situation ma\u00eetrisable, au moyen d&rsquo;une s\u00e9rie d&rsquo;omissions qui vident de sa substance le discours \u00e9conomique.<\/p><p>D&rsquo;autres paradigmes peuvent pourtant \u00eatre envisag\u00e9es. D\u00e8s les ann\u00e9es 1960, un certain nombre d&rsquo;\u00e9tudes pionni\u00e8res proposent d&rsquo;appr\u00e9hender le syst\u00e8me \u00e9conomique comme un processus de transformation de la mati\u00e8re plut\u00f4t que comme un flux de valeurs purement abstraites et d\u00e9tach\u00e9es de tout substrat mat\u00e9riel. L&rsquo;activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique repose en effet sur l&rsquo;extraction de mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res, ensuite transform\u00e9es en produits finis puis vendus aux m\u00e9nages.<\/p><p>Un tel processus ne peut que conduire \u00e0 la production de d\u00e9chets et de pollutions. Le circuit \u00e9conomique d\u2019\u00e9change de biens et de services est alors pens\u00e9 comme l&rsquo;une des composantes de l&rsquo;ensemble des flux de mati\u00e8re qui parcourent la nature.<\/p><p>Cette approche m\u00e9tabolique a notamment \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e en 1969 de mani\u00e8re syst\u00e9matique par deux \u00e9conomistes, Robert Ayres et Allen Kneese, dans l\u2019American Economic Review. Leur article mentionne notamment, pour la premi\u00e8re fois en \u00e9conomie, la question du d\u00e9r\u00e8glement climatique. Cette approche conduit ainsi \u00e0 regard les diverses formes de pollution comme une cons\u00e9quence in\u00e9vitable du processus \u00e9conomique, et non comme un simple d\u00e9faut syst\u00e8me productif qui pourrait \u00eatre corrig\u00e9 par l&rsquo;innovation.<\/p><p>L\u2019approche m\u00e9tabolique, \u00e9galement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par l&rsquo;\u00e9conomiste Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, a cependant \u00e9t\u00e9 rapidement marginalis\u00e9e apr\u00e8s la publication en 1972 du rapport du Club de Rome, qui s\u2019en inspirait. Ce rapport concluait en effet \u00e0 l&rsquo;impossibilit\u00e9 d&rsquo;une croissance \u00e9conomique continue, ce qui a conduit \u00e0 discr\u00e9diter la m\u00e9thode sur laquelle il reposait. Pour Antonin Pottier, il serait pourtant n\u00e9cessaire de revenir vers un tel mod\u00e8le de pens\u00e9e afin de de d\u00e9passer le caract\u00e8re irr\u00e9el du discours \u00e9conomique contemporain.<\/p><p>L&rsquo;approche m\u00e9tabolique pourrait ainsi conduire \u00e0 replacer au centre de l&rsquo;analyse l\u2019origine des \u00e9missions. Si les r\u00e9serves d\u2019\u00e9nergie fossile connues \u00e0 ce jour \u00e9taient enti\u00e8rement consomm\u00e9es, il s&rsquo;en suivrait des \u00e9missions de CO2 d&rsquo;environ 2 900 milliards de tonnes. Or, pour conserver ne serait-ce qu&rsquo;une chance sur deux de limiter le r\u00e9chauffement \u00e0 2\u00b0C, l&rsquo;humanit\u00e9 ne peut \u00e9mettre plus de 1 200 tonnes de CO2 dans l&rsquo;atmosph\u00e8re.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b39b270 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b39b270\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a7e611c\" data-id=\"a7e611c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a273b76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a273b76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"763\" height=\"575\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_f71fd6abd2ac4496a41d31f6917c66bcmv2.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2113\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_f71fd6abd2ac4496a41d31f6917c66bcmv2.webp 763w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_f71fd6abd2ac4496a41d31f6917c66bcmv2-300x226.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_f71fd6abd2ac4496a41d31f6917c66bcmv2-16x12.webp 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 763px) 100vw, 763px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4496e88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4496e88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p id=\"viewer-k5uma926\" class=\"E0qnV MObmT V7zwv a144M\" dir=\"auto\"><em>L&rsquo;\u00e9cart entre la production d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie fossile projet\u00e9e par les Etats (en rouge) et les niveaux de production n\u00e9cessaires pour pouvoir esp\u00e9rer respecter l&rsquo;objectif des 2\u00b0C (en vert) et des 1,5\u00b0C (en bleu) est abyssal. Source : UNEP, Production Gap Report, 2023.<\/em><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-207f158 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"207f158\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><div data-breakout=\"normal\"><p>L\u2019approche m\u00e9tabolique permet ainsi de comprendre que la limitation du r\u00e9chauffement suppose de laisser inexploit\u00e9s bon nombre des gisements d\u2019\u00e9nergie fossile identifi\u00e9s \u00e0 ce jour. La valeur de ces actifs est donc sur\u00e9valu\u00e9e sur les march\u00e9s et il existerait une \u00ab bulle carbone \u00bb sur les valeurs \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques mini\u00e8res, condamn\u00e9e \u00e0 \u00e9clater lorsque la s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 des destructions climatiques contraindra les gouvernements des Etats les plus \u00e9metteurs \u00e0 enfin adopter de s\u00e9rieuses mesures de limitation des \u00e9missions.<\/p><p>En derni\u00e8re instance, l&rsquo;ouvrage d&rsquo;Antonin Pottier invite donc moins \u00e0 rejeter l&rsquo;\u00e9conomie du climat dans son ensemble qu&rsquo;\u00e0 interroger les pr\u00e9suppos\u00e9s des approches les plus influentes et \u00e0 accorder davantage d&rsquo;attention aux travaux les mieux inform\u00e9s sur le plan empiriques. Ces derniers ne permettent que rarement de d\u00e9gager de grandes conclusions comme les mod\u00e8les propos\u00e9s par les \u00e9conomistes g\u00e9n\u00e9ralistes, mais ils ont le m\u00e9rite de mettre en \u00e9vidence certaines donn\u00e9es indispensable \u00e0 notre bonne compr\u00e9hension des possibilit\u00e9s qui sont aujourd&rsquo;hui les n\u00f4tres.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1ba0820 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1ba0820\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-833daf6\" data-id=\"833daf6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0606013 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"0606013\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d9f47d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d9f47d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Posts r\u00e9cents<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d771e0 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6d771e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-506050a elementor-posts--align-left elementor-grid-3 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"506050a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;cards_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:29,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_columns&quot;:&quot;3&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;cards_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.cards\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-cards elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-2127 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-economie-finance category-sciences-sociales\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/en\/lillusion-de-la-finance-verte\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" ><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"203\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_feb37f9c74c94467963b3c3957e7112fmv2-300x203.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2133\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_feb37f9c74c94467963b3c3957e7112fmv2-300x203.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_feb37f9c74c94467963b3c3957e7112fmv2-1024x692.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_feb37f9c74c94467963b3c3957e7112fmv2-768x519.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_feb37f9c74c94467963b3c3957e7112fmv2-18x12.webp 18w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_feb37f9c74c94467963b3c3957e7112fmv2.webp 1480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">\u00c9conomie &amp; finance<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/en\/lillusion-de-la-finance-verte\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tL&rsquo;illusion de la finance verte\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/en\/lillusion-de-la-finance-verte\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about L&rsquo;illusion de la finance verte\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tLire le post \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-date\">\n\t\t\t22\/09\/2024\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-2112 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-sciences-sociales category-economie-finance\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/en\/comment-les-economistes-rechauffent-la-planete\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" ><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"286\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_0e72426bac1a4410b9422eb31c13134dmv2-286x300.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2122\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_0e72426bac1a4410b9422eb31c13134dmv2-286x300.webp 286w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_0e72426bac1a4410b9422eb31c13134dmv2-11x12.webp 11w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_0e72426bac1a4410b9422eb31c13134dmv2.webp 616w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 286px) 100vw, 286px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Sciences sociales<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/en\/comment-les-economistes-rechauffent-la-planete\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tComment les \u00e9conomistes r\u00e9chauffent la plan\u00e8te\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/en\/comment-les-economistes-rechauffent-la-planete\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Comment les \u00e9conomistes r\u00e9chauffent la plan\u00e8te\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tLire le post \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-date\">\n\t\t\t22\/09\/2024\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-2101 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-sciences-sociales category-economie-finance\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/en\/la-croissance-verte-est-elle-un-mirage\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" ><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_4ee2bd220ca741968d87054468696e6emv2-1-300x200.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2107\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_4ee2bd220ca741968d87054468696e6emv2-1-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_4ee2bd220ca741968d87054468696e6emv2-1-1024x684.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_4ee2bd220ca741968d87054468696e6emv2-1-768x513.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_4ee2bd220ca741968d87054468696e6emv2-1-18x12.webp 18w, https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/3ca3f4_4ee2bd220ca741968d87054468696e6emv2-1.webp 1480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Sciences sociales<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/en\/la-croissance-verte-est-elle-un-mirage\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tLa croissance verte est-elle un mirage ?\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chaireearth.org\/en\/la-croissance-verte-est-elle-un-mirage\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about La croissance verte est-elle un mirage ?\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tLire le post \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-date\">\n\t\t\t22\/09\/2024\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Comment<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2122,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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